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<title>Optisches Modell</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optisches Modell</span></h1>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>optische Modell</b> der <a href="Kernphysik" title="Kernphysik">Kernphysik</a> beschreibt <a href="Kernreaktion" title="Kernreaktion">Kernreaktionen</a> und <a href="Streuung_(Physik)" title="Streuung (Physik)">Streuung</a> von Teilchen wie <a href="Nukleon" title="Nukleon">Nukleonen</a>, <a href="Deuteron" title="Deuteron">Deuteronen</a> oder <a href="Alphastrahlung" title="Alphastrahlung">Alphateilchen</a> an Atomkernen durch ein mittleres <a href="Potential_(Physik)" title="Potential (Physik)">Potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dieses hat neben dem elastischen Anteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e505f45567900bfaf3ceb2f7602c3ff72a982f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.699ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> der Streuung auch einen <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">imaginären</a> Anteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W(\mathbf {r} )}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W(\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd4fb96d1a5170a3f01fd6ea108b66fbf3734815.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.347ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W(\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span> zur Beschreibung von <a href="Absorption_(Physik)" title="Absorption (Physik)">Absorption</a> der Geschossteilchen. Dieser Absorptionsanteil ist der Ursprung des Namens, denn komplexe Potentiale werden auch in der <a href="Optik" title="Optik">Optik</a> verwendet, z. B. für die Beschreibung der <a href="Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik)">Brechung</a> und Absorption an einer <a href="Tr%C3%BCbung" title="Trübung">trüben</a> <a href="Glas" title="Glas">Glaskugel</a>.

</p><p>Für das <b>optische Potential</b>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(\mathbf {r} )=V(\mathbf {r} )+i\,W(\mathbf {r} )}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c397d5ee915e135b35af5b8bb17fa43c5b0feec0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.868ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(\mathbf {r} )=V(\mathbf {r} )+i\,W(\mathbf {r} )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>wird häufig

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <a href="Woods-Saxon-Potential" title="Woods-Saxon-Potential">Woods-Saxon-Potential</a> gewählt oder ein anderes für <a href="Schalenmodell_(Kernphysik)" title="Schalenmodell (Kernphysik)">Schalenmodell</a>-Rechnungen verwendetes Potential, meist mit <a href="Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung">Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkungsterm</a>,</li>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> dessen Ableitung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dV(\mathbf {r} )/d\mathbf {r} }">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dV(\mathbf {r} )/d\mathbf {r} }</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4055fdad440bbcf1a076ad9740437e1e6f3d2c6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.395ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dV(\mathbf {r} )/d\mathbf {r} }" loading="lazy"></span>, die ihr Maximum im Bereich des steilen Abfalls des Woods-Saxon-Potentials am Kernrand hat. Damit wird beschrieben, dass die Absorption von z. B. Nukleonen mit Energien im niedrigen M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>-Bereich aufgrund des <a href="Pauli-Prinzip" title="Pauli-Prinzip">Pauli-Prinzips</a> vorzugsweise im Bereich der äußeren Valenznukleonen erfolgt.</li></ul>

<p>Im optischen Modell können auch <a href="Zwischenkern" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwischenkern">Compoundkern</a>-Kanäle von Kernreaktionen berücksichtigt werden. Zwar kann man den eigentlichen Compoundkern mit dem einfachen optischen Modell (mit scharfen <a href="Resonanz#Kernphysik" title="Resonanz">Resonanzen</a> vom <a href="Breit-Wigner-Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Breit-Wigner-Formel">Breit-Wigner-Typ</a>) nicht beschreiben, wohl aber den über viele Einzelresonanzen gemittelten Verlauf der <a href="Anregungsfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anregungsfunktion">Anregungsfunktion</a>.

</p><p>Aufgrund seiner Anpassungsfähigkeit wurde das optische Modell sehr erfolgreich zum Beispiel zur Beschreibung der elastischen Streuung von Neutronen, Alphateilchen und Deuteronen oberhalb weniger MeV eingesetzt, aber auch bei direkten Kernreaktionen (<a href="Strippingreaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Strippingreaktion">Strippingreaktion</a>).

</p><p>Das Modell wurde ursprünglich von <a href="Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a>, <a href="Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> und Charles E. Porter<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eingeführt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fachartikel">Fachartikel</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">H. Feshbach</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Optical Model and Its Justification</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Annual Review of Nuclear Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1958, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>49–104</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.08.120158.000405">10.1146/annurev.ns.08.120158.000405</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=The+Optical+Model+and+Its+Justification&rft.au=H.+Feshbach&rft.date=1958&rft.doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.08.120158.000405&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nuclear+Science&rft.pages=49-104&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li><a href="Gerry_Brown" title="Gerry Brown">G. E. Brown</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Foundations of the optical model for nuclei and direct interaction</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Reviews of Modern Physics</cite>. Vol. 31, 1. Oktober 1959, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>893–919</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.31.893">10.1103/RevModPhys.31.893</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=Foundations+of+the+optical+model+for+nuclei+and+direct+interaction&rft.au=G.+E.+Brown&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.date=1959-10-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FRevModPhys.31.893&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=893-919&rft.volume=Vol.+31" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Randall S. Caswell: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nuclear Optical Model Analysis of Neutron Elastic Scattering for Calcium</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>66</span>, 1962 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/066/5/V66.N05.A03.pdf">PDF</a> – Untersuchung der elastischen Streuung von Neutronen an Kalziumkernen mit einem optischen Kernmodell).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Optical+Model+Analysis+of+Neutron+Elastic+Scattering+for+Calcium&rft.au=Randall+S.+Caswell&rft.btitle=J.+Research+Natl.+Bur.+Standards&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.volume=66" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>P. E. Hodgson: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Optical Model of the Nucleon-Nucleus Interaction</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Annual Review of Nuclear Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>17</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1967, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–32</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ns.17.120167.000245">10.1146/annurev.ns.17.120167.000245</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=The+Optical+Model+of+the+Nucleon-Nucleus+Interaction&rft.au=P.+E.+Hodgson&rft.date=1967&rft.doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.ns.17.120167.000245&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nuclear+Science&rft.pages=1-32&rft.volume=17" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>P. E. Hodgson: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The nuclear optical model</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Reports on Progress in Physics</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>34</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 1. Mai 1971, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>765</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885%2F34%2F2%2F306">10.1088/0034-4885/34/2/306</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=The+nuclear+optical+model&rft.au=P.+E.+Hodgson&rft.date=1971-05-01&rft.doi=10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F34%2F2%2F306&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.pages=765&rft.volume=34" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fachbücher"><span id="Fachb.C3.BCcher"></span>Fachbücher</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Peter_E._Hodgson" title="Peter E. Hodgson">P E Hodgson</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Nucleon Optical Model</cite>. World Scientific, 1994, ISBN 978-981-02-1722-8, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142/2317">10.1142/2317</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.au=P+E+Hodgson&rft.btitle=The+Nucleon+Optical+Model&rft.date=1994&rft.doi=10.1142%2F2317&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789810217228&rft.pub=World+Scientific" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li><a href="Klaus_Bethge" title="Klaus Bethge">Klaus Bethge</a>, Gertrud Walter, Bernhard Wiedemann: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kernphysik</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Springer-Lehrbuch</cite>). 3. Auflage. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-74566-2, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74567-9">10.1007/978-3-540-74567-9</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.au=Klaus+Bethge%2C+Gertrud+Walter%2C+Bernhard+Wiedemann&rft.btitle=Kernphysik&rft.date=2008&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-540-74567-9&rft.edition=3.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540745662&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.series=Springer-Lehrbuch" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li>Jeremy W. Holt, Taylor R. Whitehead: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Modern Approaches to Optical Potentials</cite>. In: Isao Tanihata, Hiroshi Toki, Toshitaka Kajino (Hrsg.): <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Handbook of Nuclear Physics</cite>. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore 2022, ISBN 978-981-15-8818-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1–30</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_6-1">10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_6-1</a></span>, <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.13404">2201.13404 [abs]</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=Modern+Approaches+to+Optical+Potentials&rft.au=Jeremy+W.+Holt%2C+Taylor+R.+Whitehead&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nuclear+Physics&rft.date=2022&rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-981-15-8818-1_6-1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789811588181&rft.pages=1-30&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ältere_Werke"><span id=".C3.84ltere_Werke"></span>Ältere Werke</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Peter_E._Hodgson" title="Peter E. Hodgson">P. E. Hodgson</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The optical model of elastic scattering</cite>. Oxford University Press ; Clarendon Press, 1963 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opticalmodelofel0000hodg">archive.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.au=P.+E.+Hodgson&rft.btitle=The+optical+model+of+elastic+scattering&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%E2%80%AF%3B+Clarendon+Press" style="display:none"> </span></li>

<li><a href="Marvin_Goldberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Goldberger">Marvin Goldberger</a>, <a href="Kenneth_Watson" title="Kenneth Watson">Kenneth Watson</a> <i>Collision Theory</i>. Wiley 1967, Kapitel 11.4 (im Kapitel <i>Pseudopotential Method</i>, besonders S. 798 ff.).</li>

<li>P. E. Hodgson <i>Nuclear reactions and nuclear structure</i>. Oxford 1971.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<ul><li>MIT Video Productions: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6I06GvMBvAE"><i>LNS 1992 Symposium: On the Matter of Particles - Herman Feshbach - The Optical Model</i></a> auf <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, abgerufen am 5. April 2023.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter E. Hodgson: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">What is the nuclear optical potential?</cite> In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>249</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5456</span>, Mai 1974, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220028-0836%22&key=cql">0028-0836</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>412–414</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/249412a0">10.1038/249412a0</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/249412a0">nature.com</a> [abgerufen am 12. Mai 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=What+is+the+nuclear+optical+potential%3F&rft.au=Peter+E.+Hodgson&rft.date=1974-05&rft.doi=10.1038%2F249412a0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.issue=5456&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=412-414&rft.volume=249" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Charles E. Porter, Jr.</cite> In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Physics Today</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 1965, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220031-9228%22&key=cql">0031-9228</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>156–156</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3047137">10.1063/1.3047137</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3047137">scitation.org</a> [abgerufen am 3. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=Charles+E.+Porter%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1965-01&rft.doi=10.1063%2F1.3047137&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.pages=156-156&rft.volume=18" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a>, Charles E. Porter, <a href="Victor_F._Weisskopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Weisskopf">Victor F. Weisskopf</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Formation of a Compound Nucleus in Neutron Reactions</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>90</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. April 1953, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>166–167</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.90.166">10.1103/PhysRev.90.166</a></span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+a+Compound+Nucleus+in+Neutron+Reactions&rft.au=Herman+Feshbach%2C+Charles+E.+Porter%2C+Victor+F.+Weisskopf&rft.date=1953-04-01&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.90.166&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=166-167&rft.volume=90" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">H. Feshbach</a>, C. E. Porter, V. F. Weisskopf: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Model for Nuclear Reactions with Neutrons</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Physical Review</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>96</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 15. Oktober 1954, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220031-899X%22&key=cql">0031-899X</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>448–464</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.96.448">10.1103/PhysRev.96.448</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.96.448">aps.org</a> [abgerufen am 3. April 2023]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Optisches+Modell&rft.atitle=Model+for+Nuclear+Reactions+with+Neutrons&rft.au=H.+Feshbach%2C+C.+E.+Porter%2C+V.+F.+Weisskopf&rft.date=1954-10-15&rft.doi=10.1103%2FPhysRev.96.448&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0031-899X&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.pages=448-464&rft.volume=96" style="display:none"> </span></span>

</li>

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